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An (unspaced) em dash or a spaced en dash can be used to mark a break in a sentence, and a pair can be used to set off a parenthetical statement.

Usage varies both within English and within other languages, but the usual conventions for the most common dashes in printed English text are these:

4.2.2 Approximating the em dash with two or three hyphens.

4.1.2.2 Subtle differences in punctuation.

4.1.2.1 Simple equivalence (or near-equivalence) of paired parenthetical marks.

4.1.1.2 Inversion of the function of a colon.

4.1.1.1 Simple equivalence (or near-equivalence) of colon and em dash.

3.1.5 Parenthetic and other uses at the sentence level.